Because breaking any one of the rules results in an invalid argument, there is a logical fallacy corresponding to each rule. In traditional Aristotelian logic, a set of rules can be established for the formation of valid arguments. Other common fallacies that do not clearly break a rule of logic are also classified as informal, even when they do not depend on misuse of language. Informal fallacies, by contrast, can often only be seen when the argument is presented in natural language, since they depend often on ambiguity or some other misuse of language. Formal fallacies break one or more of the rules of a system of logic and can be seen when an argument is presented in either schematic form or in a natural language. It is standard practice to distinguish formal and informal fallacies. However, the teaching of logical fallacies has been revived with the popularity of courses entitled "critical thinking" rather than "logic'" in order to highlight their emphasis on natural language and informal fallacies, rather than on formal logical systems. The study of logic and the naming of logical fallacies began with Aristotle (384 –322 b.c.e.), and standard Latin names of fallacies have been inherited from the Middle Ages, so "logical fallacy" is not a concept that has changed much with time. Invalid argument types that appear frequently and that seem to be especially deceptive have been categorized and given names. In logic, arguments and argument forms are studied and a system of rules is created to systematically distinguish between valid and invalid arguments. Deductively valid argument forms can be defined as those in which true premises never lead to a false conclusion, no matter what content is presented in that form. In the case of inductive arguments, true premises make the conclusion more likely. The premises of good arguments support the conclusion, so that in the case of deductive arguments, if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true. True A direct quotation (information taken verbatim from another source) does not have to be in quotation marks in your own paper.A logical fallacy is a mistake in reasoning. False All outside sources mentioned in a paper must be cited on a works cited page, and all works listed on a works cited page must be clearly cited somewhere in-text. False You should capitalize every word in a title. True As a general rule of thumb, how often should direct quotation be used in a paper? One per paragraph/ one per page What are the correct margins in MLA format? 1" You only use block quotes when quoting more than 4 lines (not sentences) of text. True You don't have to include the author's last name in the in-text citation if the name appears in the text of your sentence prior to the citation. False Quotation marks should be placed around titles of shorter works (articles, poems, short stories, essays). Paraphrased material that you write in your own words does not require an in-text citation or source attribution. True What is the difference between "primary" and "secondary" sources? Primary sources are the readings on which the paper is based (a poem or short story, for example) secondary sources are sources written about the primary subject matter (outside research). Author's names are listed alphabetically in reverse order (last name, then first name) on the Works Cited page. False What spacing does MLA prefer? Double-spaced throughout. True When you use quotations in the text, you place the citation before the last quotation mark. When documenting one author's paraphrase in a text, which of the following is correct? This point has been argued before (Frye 197). False Which of these sentences contains an example of a "dropped" or "hanging" quotation? "MLA documentation is exciting" (Johnson 37). True Which of the following is a correct listing of some basic requirements for a paper in MLA format? 1" margins, 12 Times New Roman font, double-spaced, headings on page 1, centered title Page headings (name, course, instructor, date) should appear on every page of an essay. When a citation is at the end of a sentence, does the period go before or after the citation After One can be guilty of plagiarism (by not accurately citing/quoting borrowed information) even if they do so unintentionally.
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